SYLLABUS FOR UNION
PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION MAIN EXAMINATION
ANTHROPOLOGY
PAPER – I
1.1 Meaning, scope
and development of Anthropology.
1.2 Relationships
with other disciplines: Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences,
Life Sciences,
Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities.
1.3 Main branches
of Anthropology, their scope and relevance:
(a) Social-
cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological
Anthropology.
(c)
Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic
Anthropology.
1.4 Human Evolution
and emergence of Man:
(a) Biological
and Cultural factors in human evolution.
(b) Theories of
Organic Evolution
(Pre-
Darwinian, Darwinian and Post- Darwinian).
(c) Synthetic
theory of evolution;
Brief outline
of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule,
Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic
evolution).
1.5 Characteristics
of Primates Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations;
(Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary
and Quaternary
fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of
Man and Apes;
Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
1.6 Phylogenetic
status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following:
(a)
Plio-pleistocene hominids in South and East Africa - Australopithecines.
(b) Homo
erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus heidelber-gensis), Asia
(Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal
Man- La-Chapelle-auxsaints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type).
(d) Rhodesian
man.
(e) Homo
sapiens — Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelede.
1.7 The biological
basis of life: The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis,
Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.
1.8 (a) Principles of
Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods.
(b) Cultural
Evolution- Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures:
(i) Paleolithic
(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv)
Chalcolithic
(v)
Copper-Bronze Age
(vi) Iron Age
2.1 The Nature
of Culture: The
concept and characteristics of culture and civilization;
Ethnocentrism
vis-à-vis cultural Relativism.
2.2 The Nature
of Society: Concept
of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institutions; Social groups; and Social
stratification.
2.3 Marriage: Definition and
universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy,hypergamy, hypogamy, incest
taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy,
polygamy,
polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations
(preferential,
prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry).
2.4 Family: Definition and
universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types
of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage,
residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and
feminist movements on family.
2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity
and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral,
Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and
kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent,
Filiation and Complimentary
Filiation;
Descent and Alliance.
3. Economic
organization: Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology;
Formalist and
Substantivist debate; Principles governing production, distribution and
exchange (reciprocity, redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting
on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and
agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems.
4. Political
organization and Social
Control: Band, tribe,
chiefdom, kingdom and state; concepts of power, authority and legitimacy;
social control, law and justice in simple societies.
5. Religion: Anthropological
approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological
and
functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals;
forms of religion in tribal and peasant societies (animism, animatism,
fetishism, naturism and
totemism);
religion, magic and science distinguished; magico- religious functionaries
(priest,
shaman, medicine man, sorcerer and witch).
6.
Anthropological theories:
(a) Classical
evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)
(b) Historical
particularism (Boas); Diffusionism (British, German and American)
(c)
Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural- functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
(d)
Structuralism (L’evi - Strauss and E. Leach)
(e) Culture and
personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora – du Bois).
(f) Neo -
evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service)
(g) Cultural
materialism (Harris)
(h) Symbolic
and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz)
(i) Cognitive
theories (Tyler, Conklin)
(j) Post-
modernism in anthropology
7. Culture,
language and communication:
Nature, origin
and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication;
social context
of language use.
8. Research
methods in anthropology:
(a) Fieldwork
tradition in anthropology
(b) Distinction
between technique, method and methodology
(c) Tools of
data collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, Case study,
genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information,
participatory methods.
(d) Analysis,
interpretation and presentation of data.
9.1 Human
Genetics : Methods
and Application: Methods for study of genetic principles in man-family study
(pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic
method, chromosomal and karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods,
immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
9.2 Mendelian
genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal
and polygenic inheritance in man.
9.3 Concept of
genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-
Weinberg law;
causes and changes which bring down frequency – mutation, isolation, migration,
selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and
non-consanguineous
mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.
9.4 Chromosomes and
chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
(a) Numerical
and structural aberrations (disorders).
(b) Sex
chromosomal aberrations – Klinefelter
(XXY), Turner (XO), Super
female (XXX), intersex
and other syndromic disorders.
(c) Autosomal
aberrations – Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-duchat syndromes.
(d) Genetic
imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counseling,
human DNA
profiling, gene mapping and genome study.
9.5 Race and
racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric
characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and
environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation
and race crossing in man.
9.6 Age, sex and
population variation as genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp,
transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics- Hb level, body
fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different
cultural and socio-economic groups.
9.7 Concepts and
methods of Ecological Anthropology. Bio-cultural Adaptations – Genetic and Non-
genetic factors. Man’s physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot
desert, cold, high altitude climate.
9.8 Epidemiological
Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious
diseases.
Nutritional deficiency related diseases.
10. Concept of
human growth and development: stages of
growth - pre-natal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity,
senescence. - Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental,
biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic. - Ageing and senescence.
Theories and observations - biological and chronological longevity. Human
physique and
somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
11.1 Relevance of
menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and
differentials.
11.2 Demographic
theories- biological, social and cultural.
11.3 Biological and
socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality
and mortality.
12. Applications of
Anthropology: Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in
designing of defence and other equipments, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and
principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human
genetics – Paternity diagnosis, genetic counselling and eugenics, DNA
technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in
reproductive biology.
PAPER – II
1.1 Evolution of
the Indian Culture and Civilization — Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic,
Neolithic and Neolithic - Chalcolithic). Protohistoric (Indus Civilization):
Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan cultures. Contributions of tribal
cultures to Indian civilization.
1.2 Palaeo – anthropological
evidences from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin
(Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).
1.3 Ethno-archaeology
in India : The concept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the
hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and
crafts producing communities.
2. Demographic
profile of India — Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population
and their
distribution. Indian population - factors influencing its structure and growth.
3.1 The structure
and nature of traditional Indian social system — Varnashram, Purushartha,
Karma, Rina and Rebirth.
3.2 Caste system in
India- structure and characteristics, Varna and caste, Theories of origin of
caste system Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani
system, Tribecaste continuum.
3.3 Sacred Complex
and Nature- Man- Spirit Complex.
3.4 Impact of
Buddhism, Jainism, Islam
and
Christianity on Indian society.
4. Emergence and
growth of anthropology in India-Contributions of the 18th, 19th and
early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian
anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.
5.1 Indian Village:
Significance of village study in India; Indian village as a social system;
Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations;
Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on Indian
villages.
5.2 Linguistic and
religious minorities and their social, political and economic status.
5.3 Indigenous and
exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society:
Sanskritization,
Westernization, Moderni-zation; Inter-play of little and great traditions;
Panchayati raj and social change; Media and social change.
6.1 Tribal
situation in India – Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic
characteristics of tribal populations and their distribution.
6.2 Problems of the
tribal Communities — land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor
educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment, health and nutrition.
6.3 Developmental
projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems of
rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of
urbanization and industrialization on tribal populations.
7.1 Problems of
exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other
Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled
Castes.
7.2 Social change
and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic
institutions,
development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections.
7.3 The concept of
ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal
communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism; Social
change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.
8.1 Impact of
Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal
societies.
8.2 Tribe and
nation state — a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other
countries.
9.1 History of
administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal
development and their implementation. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal
Groups), their distribution, special programmes for their development. Role of
N.G.O.s in tribal development.
9.2 Role of
anthropology in tribal and rural development.
9.3 Contributions
of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism, and ethnic
and political movements.
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